Estimate of the Situation, flying saucers are real and Earth vs. the Flying Saucers
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Intellectual property of the researcher Ruben Hector Tesolin.
THE REPORT
Estimate of the Situation
The report "Estimate of the Situation" (The term "estimate of the situation" is generic, often used in military intelligence to describe a type of report that from the beginning is a major issue) was a document written in 1948 by the staff of the US Air Force under the sign project including the project manager, Captain Robert R. Sneider- which sets out its reasons for concluding that the "extraterrestrial hypothesis" was the best explanation of UFOs .
Despite the above, and as part of a disinformation campaign in 1960, USAF personnel stated that the document never existed. However, several Air Force officers and a consultant, say the report existed as an actual document that was deleted. Jenny Randles and Peter Hough Estimation report describes the situation as the "Holy Grail of Ufology" and claim that the Freedom of Information Act has been invoked to request the document and its iterations have been unsuccessful.
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| First Reports on Flying Saucers |
Background
The Sign project was established in late 1947, and was denounced by investigating reports of "flying saucers". In line with the orders of senior officers of the USAF, the staff of the division operated under the principle that the issue should be taken seriously, arguing that UFOs could represent a real threat, airplanes which still likely origins were mysterious and possibly threaten the security of the United States.
UFO encounter Chiles-Whitted
Although Project Sign investigated earlier reports UFO phenomenon historian David M. Jacobs writes that the highly publicized meeting with Chiles-Whitted UFO July 24, 1948 "had a great impact on the project sign." At that meeting, two experienced airline pilots stated that a flying object shaped toredo almost collided with commercial aircraft. Sign staff judged the report compelling and attractive, in part because the alleged object also coincided closely with the description of an independent sighting of The Hague a few days before.
According to Michael D. Swords, staff sign "intensely investigated" Chiles-Whitted sighting over several months. Despite the lack of physical evidence, some staff members judged sign this and other UFO reports quite persuasive, and concluded that UFOs could have only one non-terrestrial origin, Swords writes.
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| Chiles-Whitted Case |
"The project had members who had several dozen aerial surveys to investigate and study and they could not explain, many of them analyzed by scientists and military pilots. The objects appeared to act as technological objects, but their sources said no were ours. The Chiles-Whitted encounter intrigued them. Prandtl theory of lift it indicated that a strange form can fly, but would need some sort of advanced power plant far beyond what we could build (eg energy Nuclear). "
Since there was no evidence that the US or the USSR had anything remotely resembling UFOs reported, the project staff gradually began to consider the extraterrestrial origin of the objects.
Swords argues that this consideration of non-terrestrial origin was "not so incredible in intelligence circles as one might think, because many of the military were pilots, engineers and technicians who had a" can-do attitude "and tended to consider non available technologies not as impossibilities, but as challenges to overcome. Instead of getting rid of UFO reports, considered how they might operate them. This perspective argues Swords, "contrasting sharply with characterizations of concepts as impossible, unthinkable or absurd to many scientists. "
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| USAF and UFO |
Writing, presentation and evaluation
According Swords, the report "Estimate of the Situation" was probably completed in September 1948. The estimate also said that reports of UFOs could coincide closely with the approach or opposition of Mercury, Venus or Mars planets with Earth, the UFOs might be using the planets as launching bases and predicía a wave of UFO reports in mid-October of that year.
In late September or early October 1948, the assessment of the situation was approved by the colonels William Clingerman and Howard McCoy (superiors Sneider), which is then presented to the office of General Charles Cabell, the head of intelligence Air Force.
According Swords, The Pentagon entered a "fuss" about the estimate, which generated an "intense" debate. Cabell was immediately named, and found himself in charge of a "divided house" some were sympathetic, if not convinced of the accuracy of the estimation of the situation, while others rejected the idea of ??"interplanetary saucers" as impossible . He was not sure how to proceed, Cabell Estimation finally presented his superior, General Hoyt Vandenberg, chief of staff of the US Air Force.
Rejection
According to Ruppelt, the estimate was rejected by Vandenberg, mainly due to the lack of evidence on their physical support, and it was to "hit back" to the chain of command.
In a letter dated November 3, 1948, Cabell wrote, through McCoy, who described the flying saucers as real, but rejected "interplanetary hypothesis" and pidía another estimate.
Cabell wrote: "The conclusion seems inevitable that some sort of flying object has been observed Identification and origin of these objects is not perceptible to this Headquarters is imperative, therefore, that efforts to determine whether these objects are.. domestic or foreign origin must be increased to obtain evidence. The needs of national defense require such proof in order that appropriate countermeasures can be taken. "
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| USAF Flying Saucers |
McCoy responded in a letter somewhat defensive dated November 8, 1948. It was noted that many UFO reports were misidentified everyday phenomena (see Identified Flying Object), but rejected the ideas of the estimate without explicitly support the "interplanetary hypothesis."
McCoy wrote: ... There remains a number of reports for which not every day a reasonable explanation could be available. So far, we have obtained no physical evidence of the existence of unidentified sightings ...
The possibility that the reported objects are vehicles from another planet has not been ignored. However, tangible evidence to support conclusions on such a possibility is lacking altogether.
consequences
When the project staff refused to leave the interplanetary hypothesis, many were reassigned, and sign renamed "Project Grudge" (Rancor Project) in 1949. According to Ruppelt, "Estimating died a quick death. Some months later was completely declassified and relegated to the incinerator. Some copies, one of which I saw, they were kept as souvenirs from the golden age of UFOs. "
Advertising
The first public report of the "Estimate of the Situation" was in the book by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, 1956, "The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects".
Ruppelt wrote. "In the intelligence, if you have something to say about some vital problem you have to write a report called an" estimate of the situation "A few days after the DC-3 was shot [the Chiles-Whitted] report ATIC people decided it was time to make an estimate of the situation was the UFO situation;. the estimate was that they were interplanetary "!
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| TOP SECRET Report USAF |
It was a rather thick document with a black cover and printed on legal-size paper. They stamped on the front were the words TOP SECRET.
It contained the Air Force analysis of many of the UFO incidents I have said, and many other similar. They had come from scientists, pilots, and other equally credible observers, and each one was a stranger ...
... When the estimate was completed, typed, and approved, it was launched through channels to higher echelons of command. He attracted considerable comment, but no one stood in their way. "
Clark states that "No copies of this document, almost legendary, that have arisen since then."
The denial of the existence
Ruppelt's book of 1956, which makes public the first estimate, was acquitted by the Air Force. Clark writes (Clark, 1998), still in 1960, the Air Force officials denied that the estimate was real, despite the censors had passed the book Ruppelt few years earlier. According to Clark, the US Air Force formally admitted later that the estimate was real, but Clark literature makes it clear that no statement or document confirmed the reality of the estimation.
In addition, according to Clark, the existence of the estimate was confirmed by the US Air Force, by the Major Dewey J. Fournet, who as a representative of the Air Force at the Pentagon liaised with the official based UFO Project Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. Fournet was described as "impressed" with the estimate, and was also quoted as describing Extraterrestrial concluded as an "extreme extrapolation" based on limited evidence.
Renowned consultant Air Force, astronomer Dr. J. Allen Hynek, also verified the existence of the assessment of the situation.
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| Information and Desinformation |
Roswell UFO incident
In the early 1980s, the researcher Kevin D. Randle said he spoke to an unidentified colonel who claimed to have helped write the assessment of the situation when he was a lieutenant. According to the colonel, when Vandenberg sent a working draft of the report, which allegedly ordered on paragraphs giving physical evidence (metal recovered in New Mexico) that had to be removed from the report. After doing so, then Vandenberg rejected the final version as lacking physical evidence. Randle said he realized the importance of this story just a few years later, while investigating the Roswell Incident in New Mexico. According Randle, the colonel had died at the time, and a follow up interview was not possible.
McCoy letter of November 8, 1948, which stated that there was no physical evidence of extraterrestrial origin of flying saucers, sometimes been cited as evidence against the Roswell UFO incident of July 1947, where a UFO allegedly crashed in the desert of New Mexico. Swords McCoy argues that the letter should not be interpreted in this way, because the US in the military normally operates in a highly compartmentalized organization. If something as extraordinary as an alien craft had crashed in the summer of 1947, Swords argues that that fact almost certainly would have been quickly suppressed, and the Sign project would not necessarily have been informed.
The sighting of Kenneth Arnold
Kenneth A. Arnold was a private pilot from Boise, Idaho looked at one of its flights what is considered the first UFO sighting in the United States, despite having been preceded by other similar though less publicized incidents.
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| Arnold Object and Horten Aircraft |
Reconstruction of the encounter with UFOs
The June 24, 1947 Arnold said he saw nine objects flying in unusual chain near Mount Rainier, Washington, while he was looking for a missing military aircraft aboard a CallAir A-2. He described as extremely bright objects by the reflection of sunlight, with erratic flight ("like the tail of a Chinese kite") and a "tremendous rate".
Arnold's story was widely reported by the Associated Press and other news agencies.
Media reports and the origins of the term "flying saucer"
After his sighting Arnold landed in Yakima, Washington, where he made a report to the representative routine Administration of Civil Aviation. On his way back to Boise he stopped in Pendleton, Oregon, where he repeated his story to a group of people in which a newspaper reporter was. Several years later, Arnold claimed to have told the reporter that the objects "flying erratically, like a plate thrown overboard," and that's how the term "flying saucer" was born. Another common to describe what Arnold saw term is "flying discs". Arnold Shinto misinterpreted since its description referred more to the movement of objects rather than their form.
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| Aircrafts Comparison |
However, the true picture of Arnold about the shape of objects is more complicated. After his experience, he described the objects as thin and flat, rounded at the front but cut from behind, more or less as a semi-dish or semi-disco. In a radio interview that took place two days after the sighting, he described as "like pai pie being cut in half with a triangle on the back." That same day Arnold was quoted in the American press as follows: objects "were shaped like saucers and were so thin you could hardly see them." The next day the newspaper of Portland Oregon's quote Arnold wrote: "crescents were shaped, oval in front and convex in the back ... they looked like large flat discs.".
The strange thing is that they were formed. The most convincing theory is that they were Horten Ho 229, captured German, had two years of the end of World War II. What I saw Arnold was a flotilla of aircraft built secretly stolen from the Germans after his surrender levels, also by then were testing the Vought V-173, which were planes with circular shape.
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| Fate Magazine and Arnold Book |
Flying Saucers and the Fate Magazine
The whole experience on the sighting of Kenneth Arnold was quickly published in an edition exclusively for the entire country, in the widespread Magazine "Fate" whose main article and cover bore the name of "Flying Saucers," said newspaper article written by Ray Palmer was the one that ultimately prompted the public to the belief that everything that possibly could be seen flying in the sky and it was unknown, could unequivocally be identified as flying saucers and with a totally unfounded added as from space outside.
Raymond A. Palmer was a contributing editor and writer attached to the genre of science fiction.
Between 1938 and 1949 he was editor of "Amazing Stories"; Ziff-Davis to leave, he published and edited the magazine "Fate" and eventually other publications as "Imagination" and books through their own publishing houses, including Amherst Palmer Press and Publications. In addition to magazines such as "Mystic", "Search" and "Flying Saucers", published several books on spiritualism, including "Oahspe: A New Bible", and flying saucers, including "The Coming of the Saucers" co-written between Kenneth Arnold Palmer. Palmer was also a prolific writer of science fiction and fantasy, many of which were published under pseudonyms.
THE BOOK
The Book of Major Donald Keyhoe
Major Donald Keyhoe Edward was a member of the US Marine Corps with the rank of naval aviator, author of many articles on aviation and aviation history in a variety of leading publications and manager of promotional tours pioneers aviation, especially Charles Lindbergh.
In the 1950s he became well known UFO researcher, arguing that the US government should conduct adequate research on UFOs, and should release all UFO files. Jerome Clark writes that "Keyhoe was widely regarded as the leader in the field of ufology in the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s".
By the time their books were UFOs, Keyhoe was already a well-established, with numerous appearances in magazines of the 1920s and 1930. Four of his stories were printed in "Weird Tales", one of the most prestigious author: "The Grim Passenger "(1925)," The Mystery of The Sea "(1926)," Through the Vortex "(1926) and" Master of Doom "(1927). He also produced the main story of the three numbers in a short-lived magazine called "Dr. Yen", which were: "The Mystery of the Shadow of the Dragon" (May / June 1936), "The Mystery of Skull Oro "(July / August 1936) and" The Mystery of the Mummy "(September / October 1936).
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| The Flying Saucers Are Real |
Keyhoe wrote a series of adventure stories of the Air "Flying Aces" and other magazines, and created two of the greatest superhero genre. The first was Captain Philip Strange, known as "Devil's Brain" and "Ghost Ace G-2". Captain Strange was an American intelligence officer during World War II which was equipped with ESP (Extrasensory Powers) and other mental faculties. Its existence is perpetuated beyond Keyhoe stories junior member of the universe as "World Newton".
Another flying ace "superpowers" Keyhoe was Richard Knight, a veteran of World War I who was blinded in battle, but won a supernatural ability to see in the dark. Knight appeared in a series of adventure stories set in the 1930s (a time when the stories were written).
Many of the stories were Keyhoe for magazines Weird Science Fiction and Fantasy, or containing a significant measure of these elements, a fact that was not lost on later critics of UFO books.
He was also a professional freelance writer for "Saturday Evening Post", "The Nation" and "The Reader's Digest".
Flying saucers are real
After the report Kenneth Arnold about the unknown aerial objects, fast-moving in the summer of 1947, interest in "flying saucers" and "flying saucers" became widespread, and Keyhoe began tracking the issue with some interest, though skeptical of any extraordinary discovery on the issue of UFOs. For some time, "True" (a popular American magazine) had been consulting with officials regarding the issue of "flying saucers", with little to show in terms of their efforts. In May 1949, after the US Air Force had issued conflicting information about the dishes, the editor Ken Purdy turned to Keyhoe, who had written for the magazine, but also, above all, had many friends and contacts in the military and the Pentagon.
After some research, Keyhoe was convinced that flying saucers were real. As its forms, flight maneuvers, speed and technology of light appearance was far ahead of the technological development of any nation, Keyhoe was convinced that had to be supernatural intelligence products, and that the US government was trying to suppress all the truth about it. This conclusion is based primarily on the response Keyhoe found when questioned several officers on flying saucers. He was told that there was nothing on the subject, however, was denied while access to documents related to the dishes.
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| True Magazine Publishing |
Keyhoe's article "Flying Saucers are Real" appeared in the January 1950 issue of the magazine "True" (published December 26, 1949) and caused a sensation. Although these figures are always difficult to verify, Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, the first head of Project Blue Book, said "It is rumored among magazine publishers that Don Keyhoe's article in True was one of the most widely read and widely discussed in the history of the magazine. "
Taking advantage of the interest, Keyhoe expanded the article into a book, "Flying Saucers are Real" (1950); which sold over half a million copies in paperback. He argued that "the Air Force knew that flying saucers were extraterrestrial" but "downplayed the reports to avoid public panic." According to Keyhoe, the aliens did not seem hostile, and probably had to monitor the Earth for 200 years or more, although Keyhoe wrote that his "observation suddenly increased in 1947, following the series of bomb blasts A in 1945. Researcher Michael Swords characterized the book as "a vague quite sensational story, but the question". Boucher and McComas praised him as "compelling, intelligent and persuasive."
Keyhoe wrote several more books about UFOs, "Flying Saucers From Outer Space (1953) is perhaps the most impressive, which is based largely on interviews and official reports investigated by the Air Force. The book includes a blurb by Albert M . Chop, Air Force, press secretary at the Pentagon, Keyhoe characterizes as "the most accurate and responsible reporter" and expressed approval of what more Keyhoe's arguments in favor of the extraterrestrial hypothesis. These guarantees only cemented the belief, held by some observers, that mixed messages from the Air Force on UFOs were due to a whitewash.
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| Flying Saucers from Outer Space |
Carl Jung argued that the first two books of Keyhoe "are based on official materials and studiously avoid wild speculation, naivete or prejudice to other publications."
Others have disagreed with assessments Keyhoe. In his 1956 book, Edward J. Ruppelt wrote, "the Air Force was not trying to cover up" and declared that "The problem was addressed with the expected confusion."
The book indicates that Ruppelt Ruppelt it held some dim views of Keyhoe and his early writings; Ruppelt noted that while Keyhoe generally had his facts straight, his interpretation of the facts was another matter. He thought Keyhoe often used the sensational material and accused Keyhoe of "mind reader" meaning that he believed always know what he (Ruppelt) and other officials were thinking. However Keyhoe cites conversations with Ruppelt in later books, suggesting that Ruppelt may have occasionally advised Keyhoe.
Following the publication of articles in the magazine "True" and the book "The Flying Saucers are Real" reaffirming the USAF report on "Estimation of the Situation" Hollywood film producers took as the great reference to Mayor Donald Keyhoe and his book mentioned above, subsequently, based on the above, in 1956 the film "Earth vs. The Flying Saucers" would film.
NICAP membership plummeted in late 1960, and Keyhoe was blamed by critics within NICAP by the decline of the organization. Some members of NICAP accused of incompetent handling of finances and personnel NICAP, and being too authoritarian in his style of leadership. By then, in 1969, NICAP was facing bankruptcy, and Keyhoe was forced to dismiss five of the nine members of the senior staff of NICAP. In addition, the "UFO investigator", the newsletter of the organization, which was edited and published by Keyhoe, moved slowly being delivered one month, reliably in the mid-sixties, to a delivery schedule each increasingly erratic and unreliable, which angered many subscribers NICAP.
In 1969 Keyhoe away his attention focused on military and CIA as the source of the coverup of UFOs.
In 1973, Keyhoe wrote his final book on UFOs, "space aliens". He promoted "Operation Lure", a "plan to lure the aliens land on Earth," and described the problems the same Keyhoe had to get information from government agents.
THE FILM
The film shot Myth
The film "Earth vs. the Flying Saucers" (aka "Invasion of the saucers" or "Flying Saucers From Outer Space") premiered in 1956 in black and white science fiction film from Columbia Pictures, produced by Charles H. Schneer and Sam Katzman directed by Fred F. Sears, and starring Hugh Marlowe and Joan Taylor.
The story of the film was suggested by the success of sales of non-fiction book "Flying Saucers From Outer Space", written as mentioned above by Major Donald Keyhoe.
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| Earth vs. The Flying Saucers |
The special effects of "stop-motion" in the film were created by Ray Harryhausen.
During a session of questions and answers in a tribute to Ray Harryhausen and the screening of "Jason and the Argonauts", held in Sydney, Australia, Harryhausen said he sought the advice of the "contactee" of the 1950 George Adamski in representing flying saucers used in the film. Adamski also said that seemed to have grown increasingly paranoid as at that time. The iconic design of the film flying (a static central cabin with an external rotating bezel with grooved blades) saucer match the descriptions given by Major Donald Keyhoe witness sightings of disks in his best-selling book about flying saucers.
Production
Special effects expert animator Ray Harryhausen movie about flying saucers using stop-motion animation. Harryhausen also encouraged when falling masonry crashing cymbals in various government buildings and monuments in order to make the action look realistic. Some figure animation was used to show the aliens that come out of the pans. A considerable amount of footage was also used, in particular during the invasion scenes that showed the US military using M3 and anti-aircraft guns of 90 mm is also a missile launch. Archival footage of the destruction of the battleship HMS Barham during World War II it was used by the US Navy were also used destroyer that was sunk by a flying saucer. Satellite launch representations made use of archival film images of the launch of a Viking rocket launch failure of a German V-2.
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| Attack of Flying Saucer |
Argument
The scientist Dr. Russell Marvin (Hugh Marlowe) and his girlfriend Carol (Joan Taylor) are driving to the facility where they work as a flying saucer appears on the car. No evidence of the meeting, other than an audio recording of the ship, Dr. Marvin dares to notify his superiors. He is in charge of Skyhook Project, a US space program has launched 10 satellites orbiting research. General Hanley (Morris Ankrum), Carol's father, Marvin informs many of the satellites have collided since. Marvin admits he has lost touch with them privately and suspicion of foreign involvement. The Marvins then would witness the eleventh satellite falling from the sky shortly after launch.
When a saucer lands in Skyhook facilities the next day, the soldiers opened fire, killing one of the aliens, while others own and saucer are being protected by a force field. The aliens then kill everyone in the facility but the Marvins are saved; General Hanley is captured and taken in the saucer. Now it's too late, Russell finds and decodes a message on his tape recording of the aliens: they wanted to meet Dr. Marvin and had landed in peace in Skyhook for that purpose.
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| Flying Saucer over Skyhook Facilities |
Now eager to conduct this meeting because everything has gone wrong, Marvin contact with aliens and goes to meet him, closely followed by Carol and Major Huglin (Donald Curtis). Police chasing them and a motorcycle taken on board the saucer, where they learn that the aliens have directly extracted knowledge Brain General; It is now under their control. They claim to be the last of their kind and have destroyed all satellites launched, fearing that they they were used as weapons. As proof of his power, the aliens then give Dr. Marvin the coordinates of a naval destroyer opened fire on them, and that has since been destroyed; the Marvins are released with the message that the aliens want to meet with leaders of the world in 56 days in Washington, DC, to negotiate an alien occupation.
Further observations of Dr. Marvin possible to discover that the protective suits of aliens are made of solidified electricity, and give them advanced auditory perception. In other comments, Marvin develops a counter-weapon against their flying saucers, then later tested successfully against a single dish. After doing so, to escape the aliens jettisoned General Hanley and Wheeler; both falling die. Groups of alien saucers then attack Washington, Paris, London and Moscow, but are destroyed by Dr. Marvin sonic weapon. Advocates also discovered that aliens can be killed easily by simple weapons, small arms fire, once they are out of the force fields of its dishes.
With the alien threat removed, Dr. Marvin and Carol quietly celebrating victory and may go back to your favorite beach, resuming his life as a newlywed couple.
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| Flying Saucers over Washington DC |
Reception
The film "Earth vs. the Flying Saucers" was well received by audiences and critics, as the magazine "Variety" said the special effects were the real stars of the film. "A satisfactory job classification entertainment sci-fi it done. The technical effects created by Ray Harryhausen developed excellently in the production of Charles H. Schneer, adding visual touches required as" out of this world " for the script, taken from a story of Curt Siodmak for the screen, suggested by Major Donald E. Keyhoe on the book "Flying Saucers From Outer Space".
"Earth vs. the Flying Saucers" has achieved iconic status, many films in the genre "flying saucer" followed, imitated and incorporated many of the elements established by Ray Harryhausen. In an article for the New York Times film critic Hal Erickson said, "Anyone who has seen the science fiction films as Mars Attacks may have trouble viewing the Earth vs. the Flying Saucers with a straight face. The late cheesy movie It could be seen as a tribute to the era, especially the contributions made by Earth vs. the Flying Saucers.
CONCLUSION
A report, a book and a film were the main reference, in the course of a decade, along with a wide proliferation of reports, reports, projects, articles, books and films unwittingly laid the groundwork for the creation of a true myth Modern Myth of flying saucers, UFO Myth in synthesis.
Copyright Ruben Hector Tesolin (2013)
